A CHECKLIST OF ORGANISMS OF THE HUBBARD BROOK WATERSHED-ECOSYSTEMS, INCLUDING MIRROR LAKE




Compiled and Edited by




Richard T. Holmes1 and Gene E. Likens2
1Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H. 03755
2Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook NY 12545




August 1997



TABLE OF CONTENTS


Introduction

The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study and the Hubbard Brook Valley

Organisms of the Hubbard Brook Watersheds
        Liverworts
        Mosses, including notes on Bryophytes by N. Cleavitt
        Vascular Flora
        Fish
        Amphibians and Reptiles
        Mammals
        Birds
        Insects
        Molluscs and Other Invertebrates

Organisms of the Mirror Lake Ecosystem
        Hydrophytes
        Epipelic Algae
        Phytoplankton
        Benthic Micro- and Macroinvertebrates
        Zooplankton
        Fish
        Amphibia

Acknowledgments



INTRODUCTION

      The Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, located within the White Mountain National Forest in north-central New Hampshire, has been the site of a multidisciplinary study of northern hardwoods forest ecosystems since the early 1960s. The objective of this Checklist is to provide a compilation of lists of organisms thus far identified within the Hubbard Brook valley, including Mirror Lake. The lists are compiled from variety of sources, both published and unpublished. Coverage is relatively complete for some groups (e.g., birds, plankton), only partial for others (e.g., plants, insects), while essentially lacking for many others, especially soil organisms such as bacteria, protists, and fungi. Sources for each taxonomic group are indicated under each heading. Citations to published accounts are given in the "Publications of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study" (Phyllis C. Likens, compiler), available from The Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545.

      The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study and the Hubbard Brook Valley. The Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) is a 3,160-hectare Bisophere Reserve (MAB) located in Woodstock, New Hampshire in the White Mountain National Forest (Fig. 1). The HBEF was established in 1955 as a major center for hydrologic research in New England, administered by the USDA Forest Service. In 1963, the scope of study was expanded with the initiation of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). Drs. F. Herbert Bormann, Gene E. Likens, and Noye M. Johnson then on the faculty of Dartmouth College and Dr. Robert S. Pierce of the USDA Forest Service proposed to use small watershed ecosystems at Hubbard Brook to study linkages between the hydrologic cycle and the flux and cycling of elements in forested and associated aquatic ecosystems. In addition they proposed to study the response of these linkages to natural and human disturbances, such as air pollution, forest cutting, land-use changes, changes in animal populations and climatic factors. Comprehensive, long-term studies of birds and other wildlife were begun in 1969 by Dr. R.T. Holmes and colleagues. The HBES now includes researchers from Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Michigan State University, Syracuse University, Tulane University, University of Kentucky, University of New Hampshire, Yale University, as well as colleagues from the USDA Forest Service and USDI Geological Survey. These cooperative efforts produce extensive data on the biology, ecology, hydrology, geology, and chemistry of forest and freshwater ecosystems of the region.

      More than 100 senior scientists have worked at the HBEF since 1963. The HBES has been continuously productive during the last 33 years, generating more than 800 published papers and 5 books. A large number of students have been trained at Hubbard Brook (65 Ph.D. theses, 34 M.S. theses and 22 undergraduate honors theses).

      The HBEF is a bowl-shaped valley drained by Hubbard Brook (Fig. 1). It has hilly terrain, ranging from 222 to 1, 015 m elevation. The Valley is covered by northern hardwood forest, including more spruce, fir and white birch at higher elevations. Other major features of the HBEF include relatively impermeable bedrock; well-defined watershed boundaries; reasonably homogeneous geology soil types, vegetation, and climate; and evenly distributed precipitation and perennial streamflow. Climate at the HBEF is classified as humid continental with short, cool summers and long, cold winters. Mean air temperature in July is 19oC and in January is -9oC. Precipitation averages about 1400 mm/yr with some 30% as snow. Annual streamflow is about 875 mm, but about 50% occurs during March through May when the snowpack is melting.


ORGANISMS OF THE HUBBARD BROOK WATERSHEDS

LIVERWORTS (37 spp.) (Source: Natalie Cleavitt, Cornell University)

Aneuraceae
        Riccardia latifrons Lindb.: Cleavitt 698

Blasiaceae
        Blasia pusilla L.: Cleavitt 817

Blepharostomaceae
        Blepharostoma trichophyllum (L.) Dum.: Cleavitt 571

Calypogeiaceae
        Calypogeia intergristipula Steph.: Cleavitt 820
        C. muelleriana (Schiffn.) K. Müll.: Cleavitt 1395
        C.trichomanis (L.) Corda : Cleavitt 1388

Cephaloziaceae
        Cephalozia bicuspidata (L.) Dum.: Cleavitt 710
        C. lunulifolia (Dum.) Dum.: Cleavitt 698
        Nowellia curvifolia (Dicks.) Mitt.: Cleavitt 832

Conocephalaceae
        Conocephalum conicum (L.) Lindb.: Cleavitt 1042

Gymnomitriaceae
        Marsupella emarginata (Ehrh.) Dum.: Cleavitt 699

Jubulaceae
        Frullania eboracensis Gottsche: Cleavitt 746
        F. undet. spp. to Norton Miller: Cleavitt 1403
        F. tamarisci subsp. asagrayana (Mont.) Hatt.: Cleavitt 825
        Jubula pennsylvanica (Steph.) Evans : Cleavitt 1392

Jungermanniaceae
        Jamesoniella autumnalis (DC.) Steph.: Cleavitt 828
        Lophozia capitata (Hook.) Macoun.: Cleavitt 747
        L. ventricosa (Dicks.) Dum.: Cleavitt 1381
        Solenostoma gracillimum (Smith) Schust.: Cleavitt 851

Lepidoziaceae
        Bazzania denudata (Torrey ex Gott. et al.) Trev.: Cleavitt 1393
        B. tricrenata (Wahl.) Trev.: Cleavitt 1041
        B. trilobata (L.) Gray.: Cleavitt 819
        Lepidozia reptans (Dum.) Dum.: Cleavitt 829

Lophocoleaceae
        Chiloscyphus polyanthos (L.) Corda: Cleavitt 1396
        Lophocolea heterophylla (Schrad) Dum.: Cleavitt 566

Marchantiaceae
        Preissia quadrata (Scop.) Nees.: Cleavitt 1116

Pallaviciniaceae
        Pallavicinia lyellii (Hook) Carruth.: Cleavitt 748

Pelliaceae
        Pellia epiphylla (L.) Corda.: Cleavitt 707
        P. neesiana (Gott.) Limpr.: Cleavitt 1055

Plagiochilaceae
        Plagiochila porelloides (Torr.) Lindenb.: Cleavitt 833

Porellaceae
        Porella platyphylloidea (Schwein.) Lindb.: Cleavitt 836

Ptilidiaceae
        Ptilidium pulcherrimum (L.) Hampe.: Cleavitt 840

Radulaceae
        Radula complanata (L.) Dum.: Cleavitt 843

Scapaniaceae
        Diplophyllum apiculatum (Evans) Steph.: Cleavitt 821
        Scapania nemorea (L.) Grolle.: Cleavitt 849
        S. undet. spp. to Norton Miller: Cleavitt 1402
        S. undulata (L.) Dum.: Cleavitt 846


MOSSES (139 spp.) (Source: Natalie Cleavitt, Cornell University)

Amblystegiaceae
        Amblystegium serpens (Hedw.) B.S.G.: Cleavitt 383
        Campylium chrysophyllum (Brid.) J Lange: Cleavitt 1047
        C. hispidulum (Brid.) Mitt.: Cleavitt 576
        Hygrohypnum eugyrium (B.S.G.) Loeske.: Cleavitt 440
        H. luridum (Hedw.) Jenn.: Cleavitt 1394
        H. montanum (Lindb.) Broth.: Cleavitt 442
        H. ochraceum (Turn ex Wils.)Loeske.: Cleavitt 444
        Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst.: Cleavitt 1058
        Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske.: Cleavitt 749
        Warnstorfia exannulata (Schimp. in B.S.G.) Loeske.: Cleavitt 433

Andreaeaceae
        Andreaea rothii Web. & Mohr.: Cleavitt 384
        A. rupestris Hedw.: Cleavitt 385

Anomodontaceae
        Anomodon attenuatus (Hedw.) Hueb.: Cleavitt 387
        A. rugellii (C. Müll.) Keissl.: Cleavitt 388
        Haplohymenium triste (Ces. ex DeNot) Kindb.: Cleavitt 718

Aulocomniaceae
        Aulocomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwaegr.: Cleavitt 394

Bartramiaceae
        Bartramia pomiformis Hedw. : Cleavitt 396
        Philonotis fontana (Hedw.) Brid. : Cleavitt 720
        Plagiopus oederiana (Sw.) Crum & Anderson: Cleavitt 1115

Brachytheciaceae
        Brachythecium plumosum (Hedw.) B.S.G.: Cleavitt 397
        B. reflexum (Stark.) Schimp. in B.S.G.: Cleavitt 590
        B. salebrosum (Web. & Mohr) B.S.G.: Cleavitt 721
        B. velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp.: Cleavitt 704,
        Bryhnia novae-angliae (Sull. & Lesq. ex Sull.) Grout.: Cleavitt 406

Bryaceae
        Bryum lisae De Not. var. cuspidatum (Bruch. & Schimp in B.S.G.) Marg.: Cleavitt 1371
        B. pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) Gaertn. et. al.: Cleavitt 1113
        Pohlia annotina (Hedw.) Lindb.: Cleavitt 989
        P. bulbifera (Warnst.) Warnst.: Cleavitt 486
        P. escuriana (Sull.) Grout.: Cleavitt 575
        P. nov. sp. Shaw pers. comm.: Cleavitt 1053
        P. nutans (Hedw.) Lindb.: Cleavitt 487

Buxbaumiaceae
        Diphyscium foliosum (Hedw.) Mohr.: Cleavitt 429

Climaciaceae
        Climacium americanum Brid.: Cleavitt 724

Dicranaceae
        Dicranella heteromalla (Hedw.) Schimp.: Cleavitt 413
        D. rufescens (With.) Schimp.: Cleavitt 703
        Dicranum flagellare Hedw.: Cleavitt 420
        D. fulvum Hook.: Cleavitt 750
        D. montanum Hedw.: Cleavitt 421
        D. polysetum Sw.: Cleavitt 423
        D. scoparium Hedw.: Cleavitt 424
        D. viride (Sull. & Lesq. ex Sull.)Lindb.: Cleavitt 426
        Oncophorus wahlenbergii Brid.: Cleavitt 469
        Paraleucobryum longifolium (Hedw.) Loeske.: Cleavitt 751
        Rhabdoweissia crispata (With.) Lindb.: Cleavitt 722

Ditrichaceae
        Ditrichum lambiguum Best.: Cleavitt 1390
        D. lineare (Sw.) Lindb.: Cleavitt 573
        D. pusillum (Hedw.) Hampe.: Cleavitt 572
        Saelania glaucescens (Hedw.) Broth. in Bomanss. & Broth.: Cleavitt 1043

Encalyptaceae
        Encalypta ciliata Hedw.: Cleavitt 1046

Fissidentaceae
        Fissidens dubius P. Beauv.: Cleavitt 436
        F. osmundioides Hedw.: Cleavitt 1037

Fontinalaceae
        Fontinalis dalecarlica Schimp. ex B.S.G.: Cleavitt 752

Grimmiaceae
        Racomitrium aciculare (Hedw.) Brid.: Cleavitt 506
        R. heterostichum (Hedw.) Brid.: Cleavitt 507
        R. sudeticum (Funck) Bruch. & Schimp in B.S.G.: Cleavitt 510
        Schistidium apocarpum (Hedw.) Bruch. & Schimp. in B.S.G.: Cleavitt 1382

Hedwigiaceae
        Hedwigia ciliata (Hedw.) P-Beauv.: Cleavitt 719

Hylocomiaceae
        Hylocomiastrum umbratum (Hedw.) Broth.: Cleavitt 445
        Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G.: Cleavitt 447
        Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt.: Cleavitt 483
        Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (Hedw.) Warnst.: Cleavitt 723

Hypnaceae
        Callicladium haldanianum (Grev.) Crum.: Cleavitt 408
        Herzogiella striatella (Brid.) Iwats.: Cleavitt 438
        Hypnum fertile Sendtn.: Cleavitt 449
        H. imponens Hedw.: Cleavitt 725
        H. pallescens (Hedw.) P-Beauv.: Cleavitt 452
        Isoptergiopsis muelleriana (Schimp) Iwats.: Cleavitt 455
        I. pulchella (Hedw.) Iwats.: Cleavitt 1373
        Pseudotaxiphyllum distichaceum (Mitt) Iwats.: Cleavitt 458
        P. elegans (Brid.) Iwats.: Cleavitt 459
        Platydictya subtilis (Brid.) Crum.: Cleavitt 580
        Platygyrium repens (Brid.) B.S.G.: Cleavitt 479
        Ptilium crista-castrensis (Hedw.) DeNot.: Cleavitt 497
        Pylaisiadelpha tenuirostris (Bruch. & Schimp. ex Sull.) Buck.: Cleavitt 705
        Pylaisiella intricata (Hedw.) Grout.: Cleavitt 501
        P. polyantha (Hedw.) Grout.: Cleavitt 569
        P. selwynii (Kindb. ) Crum et al.: Cleavitt 578

Leskeaceae
        Leskea polycarpa Hedw.: Cleavitt 462
        Leskeella nervosa (Brid.) Loeske.: Cleavitt 463

Leucobryaceae
        Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Angstr. ex Fr.: Cleavitt 726

Leucodontaceae
        Leucodon brachypus Brid.
                var. andrewsianus Crum & Anderson.: Cleavitt 727

Mniaceae
        Mnium hornum Hedw.: Cleavitt 465
        M. thompsonii Schimp.: Cleavitt 1380
        Plagiomnium ciliare (C. Müll.) T Kop.: Cleavitt 471
        P. cuspidatum (Hedw.) T Kop.: Cleavitt 472
        Rhizomnium magnifolium (Horik) T Kop.: Cleavitt 513
        R. punctatum (Hedw.) T Kop.: Cleavitt 514

Neckeraceae
        Homalia trichomanoides (Hedw.) B.S.G.: Cleavitt 728
        Neckera pennata Hedw.: Cleavitt 468
        Thamnobryum alleghaniense (C. Müll.) Nieuwl.: Cleavitt 1045

Orthotrichaceae
        Amphidium lapponicum (Hedw.) Schimp.: Cleavitt 1112
        A. mougeotii (B.S.G.) Schimp.: Cleavitt 1036
        Orthotrichum sordidum Sull. & Lesq. ex Aust.: Cleavitt 564
        Ulota coarctata (P.-Beauv.) Hamm.: Cleavitt 555
        U. crispa (Hedw.) Brid.: Cleavitt 559
        U. hutchinsiae (Sm.) Hammar.: Cleavitt 1044

Plagiotheciaceae
        Plagiothecium cavifolium (Brid.) Iwats.: Cleavitt 1054
        P. denticulatum (Hedw.) B.S.G.: Cleavitt 474
        P. laetum Schimp in B.S.G.: Cleavitt 475

Polytrichaceae
        Atrichum angustatum (Brid.) B.S.G.: Cleavitt 391
        A. crispum (James) Sull.: Cleavitt 390
        A. oersteadianum (C. Müll.) Mitt.: Cleavitt 392
        A. tenellum (Rohl.) B.S.G.: Cleavitt 393
        A. undulatum (Hedw.) P-Beauv.: Cleavitt 389
        Pogonatum pensilvanicum (Hedw.) P-Beauv.: Cleavitt 485
        Polychastrum alpinum (Hedw.) GL Sm.: Cleavitt 484
        Polytrichum commune Hedw.: Cleavitt 492
        P. formosum Hedw.: Cleavitt 493
        P. juniperinum Hedw.: Cleavitt 494
        P. pallidisetum Funck.: Cleavitt 496
        P. piliferum Hedw.: Cleavitt 567
        P. strictum Brid.: Cleavitt 729

Pottiaceae
        Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostre (Hedw.) Chen: Cleavitt 1385
        Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr.: Cleavitt 1378

Pterigynandraceae
        Heterocladium dimorphum (Brid.) B.S.G.: Cleavitt 731

Seligeriaceae
        Blindia acuta (Hedw.) Bruch. & Schimp. in B.S.G.: Cleavitt 1057

Sematophyllaceae
        Brotherella recurvans (Michx.) Fleisch.: Cleavitt 402
        Sematophyllum marylandicum (C. Müll.) Britt.: Cleavitt 518

Sphagnaceae
        Sphagnum affine Ren. & Card.: Cleavitt 543
        S. angustifolium C. Jens.: Cleavitt 735
        S. capillifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw.: Cleavitt 542
        S. centrale C. Jens.: Cleavitt 753
        S. cuspidatum Ehrh.: Cleavitt 549
        S. fallax (Klingrr.) Klingrr.: Cleavitt 530
        S. fimbriatum Wils.: Cleavitt 531
        S. fuscum (Schimp.) Klingrr.: Cleavitt 732
        S. girgensohnii Russow.: Cleavitt 533
        S. magellanicum Brid.: Cleavitt 733
        S. papillosum Lindb.: Cleavitt 734
        S. rubellum Wils.: Cleavitt 586
        S. russowii Warnst.: Cleavitt 536
        S. squarrosum Crome.: Cleavitt 540
        S. teres (Schimp.) Angstr.: Cleavitt 737

Splachnaceae
        Splachnum ampullaceum Hedw.: Cleavitt 738
        Tetraplodon angustatus (Hedw.) Bruch. & Schimp. in B.S.G.: Cleavitt 739

Tetraphidaceae
        Tetraphis pellucida Hedw.: Cleavitt 544

Theliaceae
        Myurella sibirica (C. Müll.) Reim.: Cleavitt 466

Thuidiaceae
        Rauiella scita (P. Beauv.) Reim.: Cleavitt 552
        Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.): Cleavitt 551


Notes on Bryophytes by Natalie Cleavitt, Cornell University , December 1995.

      The basalt dike in Hubbard brook gorge supports a number of bryophytes restricted to circumneutral sites including Preissia quadrata, Encalypta ciliata, Plagiopus oederiana, Saelania glaucescens and Amphidium lapponicum. Clayey-sandy moist areas experiencing frequent disturbance along Hubbard Brook road and on the steep bank slides along Hubbard Brook include rare and infrequent species Pohlia lescuriana and Pohlia bulbifera. The constant sunny openings provided by the rain guage stations added a number of infrequent Atrichum species to the list. The perched wetlands along the ridgeline which serve as bedding habitat for moose also serve as habitat for unique mosses that only grow on animal dung. These areSplachnum ampullaceum and Tetraplodon angustatus. Other infrequent species found during this survey are Bazzania tricrenata, Lophozia capitata, Haplohymenium triste, Leskea polycarpa, Pylaisiadelphus tenuirostris and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus.

During my statewide survey efforts for the ongoing "Bryophyte Checklist for New Hampshire," I have discovered many sites for a species of Pohlia which has not yet been named or described. This species seems to be restricted to New England and Upstate New York. It is frequent on rather dry, but humid areas of sheltered rock ledges of all pHs throughout the state. It occurs in HBEF on the steep slopes of Hubbard Brook gorge area. Jonathan Shaw, a professor at Ithaca College and the world expert on the genus Pohlia, plans to name and describe the species by early 1996. It is referred to in the lists as Pohlia nov. spp. Shaw pers. comm.

The nomenclature used in this report follows Anderson, Crum & Buck (The Bryologist 93: 448-499, 1990) for mosses except Sphagnum which follows Anderson (The Bryologist 93: 500-501, 1990). The liverworts follow Stolter & Crandall-Stolter (The Bryologist 80(3): 405-425, 1977). All collections in this list are deposited in the Bailey Hortorium (BH), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.



VASCULAR FLORA: An annotated checklist (Source: H. P. Baldwin 1989, with additions, modifications, contributions by C.W. Martin, S. Bailey, P. Vodicka-Asbury, T. Siccama, G. Crow, and L. Teeling). Taxonomy based on the Cronquist system as given in the Flora of North America (1993, Vols 1 & 2, Edited by the Flora of North America Committee, Oxford University Press, New York).

[* = voucher specimens in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest herbarium, U.S.F.S.]


PTERIDOPHYTES

Division Lycopodiophyta

    Lycopodiaceae (Clubmoss Family)

        Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dill. ex A. Braun) Holub [=Lycopodium complanatum var.
            flabelliform
e Fern.]. Southern Running Pine. Frequent in dry woods, Aug -
            Sept.
        Huperzia lucidula (Trevisan). (=Lycopodium lucidulum Michx.). Shining Clubmoss.*
            Frequent in cool, damp woods, July - August.
        Lycopodium annotinum (L.) Bristly Clubmoss.* Common in damp woods,
            July - Aug.
        L. clavatum (L.) Staghorn Clubmoss.* Common invader of clearings, August.
        L. obscurum (L.) Ground Pine.* Common in dry woods, Aug.


    Selaginellaceae (Spikemoss Family)
        Selaginella apoda (L.) Fern. Creeping Spikemoss.
        S. rupestris (L.) Spring. Rock Spikemoss.

Division: Equisetophyta

    Equisetaceae (Horsetail Family)
        Equisetum arvense L. Field-Horsetail.* Common from wet woods to dry roadsides,
            June - July.
        E. sylvaticum L. Wood-Horsetail.* Abundant in half-shaded wet woods, June.

Division: Polypodiophyta

    Dennstaedtiaceae (Bracken Family)
        Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. Hay-scented Fern.* Common in moist
           open-shady places, August -September
        Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Bracken.* Common invader of clearings, September.

    Dryopteridaceae (Wood Fern Family)
        Athyrium filix-femina var. angustum (Willd.) G. Lawson. Lady Fern.* Common in
            moist woods, July.
        Deparia acrostichoides (Swartz) M. Kato (Michx.) [=Athyrium thelypteroides
            (Michx.) Desv.]. Silvery Spleenwort.* Rich woods and shaded slopes, July
            - September.
        Dryopteris campyloptera Clarkson [=D. spinulosa var. americana (Fisch.) Fern.].
            Toothed or Mountain Wood Fern.* Frequent in moist woods, July -August.
        D. carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs [=D. spinulosa O.F. Muell) Watt: D. austriaca var.
            spinulosa (O.F., Muell.) Fisch.]. Spinulose Wood Fern.
        D. intermedia (Muhl. ex. Willd.) Gray [=D. spinulosa var. intermedia (Mulh.)
            Underw]. Common or Glandular Wood Fern.* Common in woods, Aug. - Sep.
        Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern.* Abundant in wet woods or open areas.
            September - October.
        Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas Fern.* Common in dry
            woods, June - July.

Ophioglossaceae (Adder's-tongue Family)
        Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. Leathery Grape-fern. Rare in moist hardwoods.

Osmundaceae (Royal Fern Family)
        Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern.* Common in wet woods, May - June.
        O. claytoniana L. Interrupted Fern.* Frequent in moist woods, May - June.
        O. regalis L. Royal Fern.* Common in shaded wet areas, May - June.

Polypodiaceae (Polypody Family)
        Polypodium virginianum L. Common Polypody.* Uncommon in woods on rocks,
            July.

Thelypteridaceae (Marsh Fern Family)
        Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt [=Dryopteris phegopteris L.; also Thelypteris
            phegopteris
(L.) Slosson]. Christens Long Beech Fern.* Uncommon in rich
            damp woods, July.
        Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. [= Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) Gray}.
            New York Fern.* Common in rich woods, August - September.



GYMNOSPERMS

Division Coniferophyta

    Pinaceae (Pine Family)
        Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir.* Common in damp woods, May -June.
        Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock.* Abundant in moist woods, June - July.
        Picea rubens Sarg. Red Spruce.* Common in rocky woods, June.
        Pinus strobus L. Eastern White Pine.* Common in eastern part of valley.
        Pinus resinosa Ait. Red or Norway Pine.* Infrequent in rocky soil, also planted,
            June.

Taxaceae (Yew Family)
        Taxus canadensis Marsh. American Yew, "Ground Hemlock."



ANGIOSPERMS

Division Magnoliophyta
  Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)

    Aceraceae (Maple Family)
        Acer pensylvanicum L. Striped Maple.* Common in damp, shaded woodlands, May - June.
        A. rubrum L. Red Maple.* Common on damp hillsides, April -May.
        A. saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple.* Common in woods, May - June.
        A. spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple.* Common in cool woods, June.

    Apiaceae (Parsley Family)
        Hydrocotyle americana L. Water-Pennywort.* Common in wet mossy places, June -
            August.
        Osmorhiza claytoni (Michx.) C.B. Clarke.* Sweet Jarvil. Woods and wooded slopes,
            June - August.

    Apocynaceae ( Dogbane Family)
        Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane.* Common on overgrown
            gravelly banks, July.

    Aquifoliaceae (Holly Family)
        Ilex verticillata (L.). Gray Winter-berry.
        Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. Mountain Holly.

    Araliaceae (Ginseng Family)
        Aralia hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Frequent in dry woods, July.
        A. nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Frequent in dry woods, May - June.
        A. racemosa . racemosa L. Spikenard. Common invader of recent clearings,
            August
        Aralia spinosa L. Hercules' Club.
        Panax trifolius L. Dwarf ginseng. Frequent in rich woods, May - June.

    Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed Family)
        Asclepias syriaca L. Common milkweed. Common near USFS Headquarters and
            along roadsides.

    Asteraceae (Composite Family)
        Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow. Common along roadsides and in waste
            places, June - September.
        Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Clarke. Pearly Everlasting. Common in dry fields, July -
            September.
        Aster acuminatus Michx. Sharp-leaved Aster. Common in wet woods, August - Sept
        A. divaricatus L. Wood Aster. Dry woods and clearings, July -October.
        A. lateriflorus (L.) Britt. Calico or Starved Aster.
        A. macrophyllus L. Large-leaved Aster. Dry to moist woods, thickets and
            clearings, August - September.
        A. novi-belgi L. New York Aster. Damp thickets and meadows, July - October.
        A. spectabilis Ait. Showy Aster.
        A. umbellatus Mill. Flat-topped Aster. Common in moist thickets, July - September.
        A. undulatus L. Wavy-leaved Aster. Dry open woods and clearings, August - October.
        Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore. Common Thistle.
        Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Fireweed.
        Erigeron canadensis L. Horseweed.
        Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Grass-leaved Goldenrod. Common in moist fields
            and along roadsides, Aug-Sept. (= Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb.).
        Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Sweet Everlasting. Common in waste areas, July - Sept.
        Hieracium aurantiacum L. Orange Hawkweed. Common along roadsides and in
            fields, June - July.       
        H. caespitosum Dumort (= H. pratense Tausch). King Devil. Occasional, in fields,
            June - July.
        H. paniculatum L. Panicled Hawkweed. Open woods, July - September.
        H. scabrum Michx. Scabrous Hawkweed.
        Lactuca biennes (Moench) Fern. Tall Blue Lettuce. Rich or damp thickets or
            openings, July - September       
        L. canadensis L. Wild Lettuce. Common in fields, July - September.
        L. hirsuta var. sanguinea (Bigelow) FerN.
        Prenanthes alba (L.) White Lettuce. Rich woods and thickets, July - August.
        P. altissima L. Tall White Lettuce. Moist woods, July - October.
        P. trifolioiata (Cass.) Fern. Tall Rattlesnake Root. Common in moist woods, August -
            September.
        Rudbeckia serotina Nutt.- Black-eyed Susan. Common in fields and roadsides, July -
            Aug.
        Senecio aureus L. Groundsel
        Solidago caesia L. Blue-stemmed Goldenrod. Common along woods roads, August -
            September.
        S. flexicaulis L. Zigzag Goldenrod. Common in moist open woods, July - September.
        S. juncea Ait. Early Goldenrod
        S. macrophylla Pursh. Large-leaved Goldenrod. Cool damp woods and thickets, July -
            September.
        S. rugosa Ait. Rough-stemmed Goldenrod. Damp open soil, borders of woods and
            streams, August - October.
        S. canadensis L. Canada Goldenrod. Common in fields and along roadsides, August -
            September.
        S. uliginosa Nutt. Bay goldenrod. Occasional in wet woodlands esp. WS 4 and 101.
        Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers. Common Dandelion

    Balsaminaceae (Touch-me-not Family)
        Impatiens capensis Meerb. Spotted Touch-me-not.* Common in wet open woods and
            rich soil, June - Sept.

    Betulaceae (Birch Family)
        Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Black Alder. Locally naturalized, March - May.
        A. incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen. Speckled alder. Along main Hubbard Brook
          and other seep areas.
        Betula alleghaniensis Britt (=B. lutea Michx. f.) Yellow Birch.       
        B. cordifolia Regel [=B. papyrifera var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern.]. Heart-leaved Birch.
            More common at higher elevations (over 750+ m).
        B. papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch. Common at lower and mid elevations, May.
        B. populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch. Common invader of cutover areas, May.
        Corylus cornuta Marsh. Beaked Hazelnut. Occasional, open hillsides, April.
        Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Hop hornbeam. Rocky ridge north
            of Mirror Lake in Mirror Lake watershed.

    Campanulaceae (Bluebell Family)
        Lobelia siphilitica L. Great Lobelia.* Poorly drained soils, seeps esp. WS-101.
        L. inflata L. Indian Tobacco.* Fields, roadsides, waste places and open woods, June -
            October.

    Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family)
        Diervilla lonicera Mill. Bush Honeysuckle.* Common in dry woods and rocky
            places, June - August.
        Linnaea borealis L. Twinflower*
        Lonicera canadensis Bartr. Fly Honeysuckle.* Common in woods, July-Aug.
        Sambucus canadensis L. Common Elder.* Common in damp fields, June -July.
        S. racemosa ssp. pubens (Michx.) House. Red-berried Elder.* Common on gravelly
            roadsides, May
        Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Witch Hobble, Hobblebush.* Common in cold moist
            woods, May.
        V. cassinoides L. Wild Raisin*

    Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family)
        Dianthus armeria L. Deptford Pink. Infrequent in open grassy places, June- August.

    Clusiaceae (St. John's-wort Family)
        Hypericum ellipticum Hook. Pale St. John's-wort.* Damp and sandy places, June -
            August.
        H. perforatum L. Common St. John's-wort.* Common weed in fields, June - Sept.

    Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory Family)
        Convolvulus sepium L. Bindweed.* Common on roadsides, July -Aug.

    Cornaceae (Dogwood Family)
        Cornus alternifolia L.f. Alternate-leaved Dogwood.* Occasional in wet woods, June -
            July
        C. canadensis L. Bunchberry.* Common in rich cool woods, June -August.

    Droseraceae (Sundew Family)
        Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew.* Abundant in boggy areas, July -Aug.
       
    Ericaceae (Heath Family)
        Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Leatherleaf
        Epigaea repens L. Trailing Arbutus
        Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Bigel. Creeping Snowberry
        G. procumbens L. Wintergreen. Common in dry woods, July.
        Kalmia angustifolia L. Sheep Laurel
        Rhododendron roseum (Loisel.) Rehd. Early Azalea. [may be R. prinophyllum (Small)
            Millias), although record is questionable -- G. Crow, pers. comm).
        Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Low Sweet Blueberry. Common in cool moist woods,
            June - July.
        V. corymbosum L. Highbush Blueberry.
        V. myrtilloides Michx. Velvetleaf Blueberry

    Fabaceae (Pea or Bean Family)
        Lotus corniculatus L. Birdsfoot-Trefoil.* Fields, roadsides and waste places, June -
            September. Planted near Wier 5 and USFS headquarters-escaped.
        Trifolium repens L. White Clover.* Common in open woods and clearings, June -
            October.
        T. aureum Pollisk. Yellow or Hop Clover.* Common on dry roadsides, June - August.
        Vicia americana Muhl. Purple vetch.* Planted near Wier 5 and USFS bldg.-escaped.
        V. cracca L. Cow Vetch.* Common weed of sandy soil, July - August.
            Planted near Weir 5 and USFS headquarters- escaped.

    Fagaceae (Beech Family)
        Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American Beech.* Common in rich, gravelly soil, May -
            June.
        Quercus rubra L. Red oak.* Eastern end of Hubbard Brook valley, at lower
            elevations.

    Fumariaceae (Fumatory Family)
        Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Squirrel-corn. Rare, but recorded on W-3.
        D. cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's Breeches. Moist sites.

    Grossulariacese (Gooseberry Family)
        Ribes cynobasti L. "Dogberry." On s.-facing hillslope of experimental watersheds.
        R. glandulosum Grauer. Skunk current. Common

    Hamamelidaceae (Witch-hazel Family)
        Hamamelis virginiana L. - Witch-hazel.* Common in dry open woods, Oct - Nov.

    Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)
        Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. Common around USFS office.

    Lamiaceae (Mint Family)
        Galeopsis tetrahit L. Hemp-nettle. Common in waste places, June - September.
        Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Pennyroyal. Occasional in dry upland forest.
        Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Northern Bugleweed. Common in shady wet places, July -
            September.
        Prunella vulgaris L. Self-heal. Common roadside weed, July October

    Malvaceae (Mallow Family)
        Malva sylvestris L. High Mallow.* Roadsides and waste places, May - July.

    Monotropaceae (Indian Pipe Family)
        Monotropa uniflora L. Indian Pipe.* Frequent in rich woods. June-October.

    Oleaceae (Olive Family)
        Fraxinus americana L. White Ash.* Common in rich deciduous woods, May - June.
        F. nigra Marsh. Black Ash.* Occasional on poorly drained soils, esp. along Hubbard
            Brook.

    Onagraceae (Evening Primrose Family)
        Circaea alpina L. Dwarf Enchanter's Nightshade. Common in wet shaded areas, June
            - July.
        Epilobium angustifolium L. Fireweed. Frequent in low clearings, July - August.
        E. coloratum Biehler. Purple-leaved Willow Herb
        E. glandulosum Lehm. Northern Willow Herb. Infrequent in wet open woods, July -
            September.
        Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. var. americana (DC.) Fern. Water Purslane. Frequent in
            wet places, rooted in the mud, June - August.

    Orobanchaceae (Broom Rape Family)
        Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. Beech-drops.* Common in gravelly soil of beech
            woods, September - October

    Oxalidaceae (Wood Sorrel Family)
        Oxalis montana Raf. Pink Wood Sorrel.
        O. stricta L. Yellow Wood Sorrel. Dry, open soil, May -October.

    Polygonaceae (Buckwheat Family)
        Rumex acetosella L. Sheep Sorrel.
        R. obtusifolius L. Bitter Dock. Common along roadsides, July - August
        Polygonum cilinode Michx. Fringed Blindweed. Dry thickets and rocky slopes,
            June - August       
        P. persicaria L. Lady's Thumb.
        P. scandens L. Climbing false buckwheat. Clearings, clearcuts, watershed 2.

    Portulacaceae (Purslane Family)
        Claytonia caroliniana Michx. var caroliniana. Spring Beauty.

    Primulaceae (Primrose Family)
        Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP.* Swamp-candles. Common in moist openings, July -
            August.
        L. ciliata L. Fringed Loosestrife.* Common in partial shade, July - Aug.
        Trientalis borealis Raf. Starflower.* Frequent in moist openings, May - June.

    Pyrolaceae
        Chimapila umbellata (L.) Bart. var. cisatlantica Blake.* Pipsissewa. Common in
            dry woods, July - August.
        Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray. One-flowered wintergreen.*
        Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Shinleaf.* Uncommon in rocky woods, July - August.

    Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family)
        Actaea pachypoda Ell. White Baneberry.* Occasional in moist woods, June.
        Anemone quinquefolia L. Wood Anemone.* Infrequent in dry woods, April - May.
        Coptis trifolia spp. groenlandica (Oeder) Hulten. Goldthread.* Common in damp
            evergreen woods. May - June.
        Ranunculus acris L. Common Buttercup.* Common in fields and roadsides, May -
            Oct.
        Thalictrum pubescens Pursh T. polygamum Muhl.]. Tall Meadow-rue.* Common in
            wet woods, May - June.

    Rosaceae (Rose Family)
        Amelanchier bartramiana (Tasch) M. Roemer. Service-berry.
        A. canadensis (L.) Medic. Service-berry. Occasional on damp wooded slopes, May.
        A. laevis Weig. Service-berry. Occasional on margins of swamps and seeps
        Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. Wild Strawberry
        F. vesca L. var. americana Porter. Sow-teat Strawberry. Wooded slopes and rocky
            banks, May - August.
        Potentilla norvegica L. Three-leaved Cinquifoil. Common in open fields, May -Aug
        P. recta L. Sulfur Cinquifoil. Common in dry fields, July - August.
        P. simplex Michx. Old-field Cinquifoil. Common in clearings, April -June.       
        Prunus pensylvanica L.f. Pin Cherry. Common invader of clearings, May - June.
        P. serotina Ehrh. Black cherry. Occcasional throughout forest.
        P. virginiana L. Choke Cherry.
        Rubus elegantulus Blanch. (= R. setosus) Bristly Blackberry. Abundant in dry
            clearings and thickets, May - September.
        R. canadensis L. Smooth Bramble
        R. hispidus L. Bristly Blackberry.
        R. idaeus L. (Michx.) Maxim. Wild Red Raspberry. Common along roadsides and in
            clearings.
        R. odoratus L. Purple Flowering Raspberry. Common on open gravelly banks, June -
            July.
        R. pubescens Raf. Hairy Raspberry. Common in wet shaded grassy areas, May - June.
        Sorbus americana Marsh. American Mountain Ash. Wet woods, August - October.
        S. decora (Sarg.) C.K. Schneider. Mountain Ash.
        Spiraea alba var. latifolia (Ait.) Dippel [=S. latifolia (Ait.) Borkh.]. Meadow-sweet.
            Common in old clearings, August.
        S. tomentosa L. Hardhack or Steeple-bush. Frequent in clearings and moist pastures,
            July - August.

    Rubiaceae (Madder Family)
        Galium asprellum Michx. Rough Bedstraw.* Common in wet areas, July - Aug.
        G. triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw.* Frequent in rich woodlands, July -
            August.
        Houstonia caerulea L. (= Hedyotis caerulea (L.) Hook.) Bluets.* Common along
            woods roads and in fields, May - June.
        Mitchella repens L. Partridge Berry* Common in dry woods, June -July.


    Salicaceae (Willow Family)
        Populus grandidentata, Michx. Bigtooth aspen. Common along road sides.
        Populus tremuloides Michx. Quaking Aspen*. Common on cutover areas, April -
            May.
        Salix bebbiana Sarg. Beaked Willow*. Common in damp thickets, April - June.
        S. discolor Muhl. Large Pussy-willow*. Common in wet places, May.
        S. humilis Marsh. Small Pussy-willow.

    Saxifragaceae ( Saxifrage Family)
        Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. Golden Saxifrage.
        Tiarella cordifolia L. Foamflower. Common in rich woods, May - June.

    Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family)
        Chelone glabra L. Turtlehead.* Occasional in wet rich soil, July - September.
        Gratiola aurea Muhl. Golden Hedge Hyssop.* Sandy or gravelly openings, May -
            July.
        Veronica officinalis L. Speedwell.* Common in dry soil, June July.
       
    Tiliaceae (Linden Family)
        Tilia americana L. Basswood. Eastern area of forest at low elevations.

    Violaceae (Violet Family)
        Viola cucullata Ait. Marsh Blue Violet.* Common in moist low woods, April - June.
        V. incognita Brainerd. Large-leaved White Violet.* Wet to dryish woods and thickets,
            May - June. [this may be V. macloskey ssp. pallens (banks ex DC.) M.S. Baker --
            G. Crow, pers. comm)
        V. rotundifolia Michx. Round-leaved or Yellow Violet.* Common in beech woods,
            April - May.


  Class Liliopsida (Monocotyledons)

    Araceae (Arum Family)
        Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott ssp. triphyllum.. [=A. atrorubens (Ait.) Blume].Jack-
            in-the-pulpit.* Occasional in rich woods, May - June.

    Cyperaceae (Sedge Family)
        Carex annectens Bickn.
        C. arctata Boott. Drooping Wood Sedge  .
        C. blanda Dew. Woodland Sedge.
        C. brunnescens (Pers.) Poir var. sphaerostachya (Tuckerm.) Kukenth. Brownish
            Sedge.
        C. communis Bailey. Fibrous-rooted Sedge.
        C. debilis Michx. Var. Rudgie, Bailey. White-edged Sedge.
        C. deflexa (Hornem.)
        C. gynandra Schwein [=C. crinita Lam. var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr.].        
            Fringed Sedge. Infrequent in wet areas, July - September.
        C. interior Bailey
        C. intumescens Rudge. Bladder Sedge. Common in damp areas, June - Sept.
        C. leptonervia Fern. Finely-nerved Sedge. Low woods, clearings and thickets,
            May - July.
        C. lurida Wahlenb. Sallow Sedge. Occasional in damp sandy soil, June - Oct.
        C. scabrata Schwein.
        C. scoparia Schkuhr. Pointed Broom Sedge.
        C. tribuliodes Wahlenb. Low woods, June - Sept..
        C. vulpinoidea Michx
        Scirpus atrocinctdus Fern.
        S. atrovirens Willd.
        S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Wool Grass. Uncommon in wet meadows, August - October.

    Juncaceae (Rush Family)
        Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern.
        J. effusus L. Soft Rush.* Common in wet, sandy, open areas, June - July        .
        J. pelocarpus E. Meyer.* Occasional in boggy areas, esp. along shore of Mirror Lake.
            July - September.
        J. tenuis Willd. Slender Rush.* Common in wet, sandy, shaded areas, June -Sept.

    Liliaceae (Lily Family)
        Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Bluebead Lily. Frequent in rich woods, June.
        Erythronium americanum Ker-Gawl. Yellow Adder's-tongue or Trout Lily. Frequent
            in rich deciduous or mixed woods, April - June.
        Maianthemum canadense Desf. Canada Mayflower. Abundant in dry woods, June.
        Medeola virginiana L. Indian Cucumber Root. Frequent in rich woods, June.       
        Polygonatum. pubescens (Willd.) Pursh. Hairy Solomon's Seal. Common in rich
            woods, May - June.
        Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. False Solomon's Seal
        Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Twisted Stalk. Frequent in moist woods, May-June.
        S. roseus Michx. Rosy Bells. Occasional in rich woods, May - June.
        Trillium erectum L. Red Trillium. Common in rich woods, June.
        T. undulatum Willd. Painted Trillium. Common in rich woods, May - June.
        Uvularia sessilifolia L. Wild Oats. Abundant in dry or moist woods, May.
        Veratrum viride Ait. Indian Poke or False hellebore. Common in wet
            woods, June - July.

    Orchidaceae (Orchis Family)
        Corallorrhiza maculata Raf. Coral Root. Infrequent in woods, July - August.
        Cypripedium acaule Ait. Pink Lady's Slipper. Frequent in dry woods in acid soil,
            June.
        Goodyera tesselata Lodd. Rattlesnake-plantain. Dry to moist woods, July - Aug.
        Habernaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. var. ophioglossoides Fern. Green Wood
            Orchis. Rare in boggy places, July - Aug.
        H. dilatata (Pursh) Hook. Bog Candle. Occasional in seeps.
        H. macrophylla Goldie. Large Round-leaved Orchis. Dry to moist woods, June- Aug.
        H. virides (L.) R. Br. Long-bracted Orchis.
       

    Poaceae (Grass Family)
        Agrostis capillaris L. [= A. tenuis Sibth.] Slender Satin-grass
        A. gigantea Roth. [=A. alba L. var. palustris (Huds) pers.]. Creeping Bent.
        A. scabra [A. hymenalis var. scabra (Willd.) Blomq.]. Hair grass.
        Brachyelytrum septentrionale (Babel) G. Tucker [ = B. erectum var.
            septentrionale Babel].
        Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. var canadensis.
        Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reed-grass.* Frequent in moist and shady
            places, July -Aug.
        Danthonia compressa Austin ex Peck. Wild Oats.
        D. spicata (L.) Beauv. ex Roemer & Roemer & J.A. Schultes. Wild Oats.
        Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Common Hairgrass.
        Festuca ovina L. SheepOs Fescue.
        Glyceria striata (Lam.) A. Hitchc.
        Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Fern. Woody Panic-
            grass.* Common on open ground, July - Aug.
_____________________________________________________________________________

* species with voucher specimens in HBEF herbarium



FISH IN HUBBARD BROOK STREAMS (source: G.E. Likens and D. Buso)


Salmonidae (Trout family)

        Salvelinus fontinalis - Brook Trout
        Salmo salar - Atlantic Salmon
        Salmo trutta - Brown Trout

Cottidae (Sculpin family)

        Cottus sp. - Muddlers/Sculpins

Catostomidae (Sucker family)

        Catostomus commersoni - Common White Sucker

Cyprinidae (Minnow family)

        Rhinichthys atratulus - Black-nosed Dace



AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN THE HUBBARD BROOK WATERSHEDS AND
MIRROR LAKE (source: T.M. Burton, D. Buso, G.E. Likens, R.T. Holmes, pers. observ.)

AMPHIBIA
    Anura

        Bufonidae
            Bufo americanus - American Toad

        Hylidae
            Hyla crucifer - Spring Peeper

        Ranidae
            Rana clamitans - Green Frog
            Rana palustis - Pickerel Frog (Mirror Lake)
            Rana pipiens pipiens - Northern Leopard Frog
            Rana sylvatica - Wood Frog


    Urodela

        Plethontiidae
            Desmognathus fuscus fuscus - Northern Dusky Salamander
            Eurycea bislineata bislineata - Northern Two-lined Salamander
            Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus - Northern Spring Salamander
            Plethodon cinereus - Red-backed Salamander

        Salamandridae
            Notopthalmus viridescens viridescens - Red-spotted Newt


REPTILIA

    Squamata

        Colubridae
            Lampropeltis doliata triangulum - Eastern Milk Snake
            Opheodrys vernalis vernalis - Eastern Smooth Green Snake
            Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata - Northern Red-bellied Snake
            Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis - Eastern Garter Snake

    Chelonia

        Chelyridae
            Chelydra serpentina - Snapping Turtle (Mirror Lake)

        Kinosternidae
            Chrysemys picta picta - Eastern Painted Turtle
            Clemmys guttata - Spotted Turtle



MAMMALS IN THE HUBBARD BROOK WATERSHEDS
    (sources: R.T. Holmes, T.W. Sherry, G.L. Potter, E. Horner, W. Martin, and others;
        annotated comments by R.T. Holmes, December 1995)


Insectivora

        Soricidae
                Blarina brevicauda. Short-tail Shrew (common in forest litter/watersheds).
                Microsorex hoyi. Pygmy Shrew (recorded, but status unknown).
                Sorex cinereus. Masked Shrew (common in forest litter/watersheds).

        Talpidae
                Parascalops breweri. Hairy-tailed Mole (uncommon, status unknown).

Chiroptera

        Verspertilionidae
                Myotis lucifugus. Little Brown Myotis (recorded at Pleasant View Farm, near Mirror
                    Lake).

Carnivora

        Canidae
                Canis latrans. Coyote (occasional, sightings increased in 1990s).
                Vulpes fulva. Red Fox (present in watersheds, but seen more commonly near Mirror
                    Lake).

        Felidae
                Lynx rufus. Bobcat (no recent records, probably more common earlier?).

        Mustelidae
                Martes pennanti. Fisher (relatively common in watersheds).
                Mephitis mephitis. Striped Skunk (present, more common around Mirror Lake).
                Mustela frenata. Longtail Weasel (common in watersheds, especially in high rodent
                    years).
                Mustela spp. (M. erminea probably occurs, but no verified record).
                Mustela vison. Mink (present in small numbers, mostly along stream courses).

        Procyonidae
                Procyon lotor. Raccoon (widespread, especially at lower elevations; occurs in
                watersheds).

        Ursidae
                Ursus americanus. Black Bear (present in watersheds and near Mirror Lake, fairly
                common).

Rodentia

        Castoridae
                Castor canadensis . Beaver (near Mirror lake and in wetlands in upper HB valley)

        Cricetidae
                Clethrionomys gapperi. Boreal Redback Vole (common in forest litter).
                Ondatra zibethica. Muskrat (near Mirror Lake).
                Peromyscus maniculatus. Deer Mouse (abundant in watersheds).
                Peromyscus leucopus. White-footed Mouse (occurrence verified by E. Horner; status
                unknown).

        Erethizonitidae
                Erethizon dorsatum. Porcupine (relatively common in watersheds, esp. at higher
                elevations?).

        Muridae
                Mus musculus. House Mouse (common around Mirror Lake).

        Sciuridae
                Glaucomys sabrinus. Northern Flying Squirrel (status unclear).
                Glaucomys volans. Southern Flying Squirrel (status unclear, probably the more
                common sp).
                Marmota monax. Woodchuck (common in disturbed areas, along road sides).
                Sciurus carolinensis. Eastern Gray Squirrel (common near Mirror Lake, rare in
                watersheds).
                Tamias striatus. Eastern Chipmunk (common in watersheds and near Mirror Lake).
                Tamiasciurus hudsonicus. Red Squirrel (common/abundant in watersheds).

        Zapodidae
                Napaeozapus insignis. Woodland Jumping Mouse (common in forest litter/watersheds).

Lagomorpha

        Leporidae
                Lepus americanus. Snowshoe Hare (common some years, especially at higher
                elevations).

Artiodactyla

        Cervidae
                Alces alces. Moose (more common in recent years; extensive winter browsing evident).
                Odocoileus virginianus. White-tailed Deer (resident in watersheds at low densities).



BIRD SPECIES RECORDED IN THE HUBBARD BROOK WATERSHEDS, INCLUDING MIRROR LAKE (sources: R.T. Holmes, T.W. Sherry, F.W. Sturges, D. Zumeta, S.K. Robinson, P.D. Hunt, P.P. Marra, and others)

Status:
PR = permanent (year-round) resident
SR = summer resident
WR = winter resident
MI = migrant

Abundance (based on Holmes et al. 1986, Holmes and Sherry 1988, Holmes in prep.):
C = common/abundant (dependably found each year)
U = uncommon (regularly occurring, but in low numbers and often patchily distributed)
O = occasional (present some years, not others; low abundance)
V = vagrant (including accidentals)

Habitat/elevational Patterns:
R = ridge lines, high elevation, mostly coniferous forests
H = hardwoods and mixed hardwood-coniferous, mostly mid elevations
E = edges, and early successional vegetation in clear cuts
D = disturbed areas, rural residential, mostly areas near USFS Hdq. & Mirror Lake
W = near water (Mirror Lake, along streams, in wetlands and marshes)

 Seasonal OccurrenceAbundanceElevation-Habitat
Gavia immer - Common LoonMIUW
Ardea herodias - Great Blue HeronSRUW
Branta canadensis - Canada GooseMIUW
Anas platyrhynchos - MallardSRUW
Aythya collaris - Ring-necked DuckMIUW
Mergus merganser - Common MerganserSR, MIOW
Cathartes aura - Turkey VultureSRUD
Pandion haliaetus - OspreyMIOW
Buteo jamaicensis - Red-tailed HawkSRUH,E,D
Buteo platypterus - Broad-winged HawkSRCH
Accipiter striatus - Sharp-shinned HawkSRUH,R
Accipiter cooperii - Cooper's HawkSR?OH,E
Accipter gentilis - Northern GoshawkSR,MO R,H
Falco sparverius - American KestrelSRUD
Bonasa umbellus - Ruffed GrousePRCH,D
Melagris gallopavo - Wild TurkeyPR OH,E
Philohela minor - American WoodcockSRUE,W
Zenaida macroura - Mourning DoveSRCD
Columbia livia - Rock DovePRO D
Coccyzus erythropthalmus - Black-billed CuckooSROH,D
Coccyzus americanus - Yellow-billed CuckooSROE,D,W
Strix varia - Barred OwlPRCH,D
Aeglius acadius - Saw-whet OwlWR,SROH,R,
Chordeiles minor - Common NighthawkSRVD
Chaetura pelagica - Chimney SwiftSRUH,D,E
Archilochus colubris - Ruby-throated HummingbirdSRUH,D
Megaceryle alcyon - Belted KingfisherSRUW
Sphyrapicus varius - Yellow-bellied SapsuckerSRCH,D
Picoides pubescens - Downy WoodpeckerPRCH,D
Picoides villosus - Hairy WoodpeckerPRC H,D,R
Colaptes auratus - Northern FlickerSRCD
Dryocopus pileatus - Pileated WoodpeckerPRCH,D
Contopus borealis - Olive-sided FlycatcherSROR,E
Contopus virens - Eastern Wood PeweeSRUH
Empidonax flaviventris - Yellow-bellied FlycatcherSRUR
Empidonax virescens - Acadian FlycatcherSRVH
Empidonax alnorum - Alder FlycatcherSRUE,D
Empidonax minimus - Least FlycatcherSRUH,D
Sayornis phoebe - Eastern PhoebeSRCD,H
Myiarchus crinitus - Great Crested FlycatcherSRUH
Tyrannus tyrannus - Eastern KingbirdSRUD
Progne subis - Purple MartinSRVD,W
Tachycineta bicolor - Tree SwallowSRCD,W
Riparia riparia - Bank SwallowSRUD,W
Hirundo rustica - Barn SwallowSRCD,W
Cyanocitta cristata - Blue JayPRCH,D,E
Corvus brachyrhynchos - American CrowPRCD,E
Corvus corax - Common RavenPRUD,H
Parus atricapillus - Black-capped ChickadeePRCH,D,R
Parus hudsonicus - Boreal ChickadeePROR
Sitta carolinensis - White-breasted NuthatchPRCH,D
Sitta canadensis - Red-breasted Nuthatch PRUH,R
Certhia familiaris - Brown CreeperPRUH,R
Troglodytes aedon - House WrenSRUD
Troglodytes troglodytes - Winter WrenSRCH,D
Regulus satrapa - Golden-crowned KingletPR UR
Regulus calendula - Ruby-crowned KingletMIU H,D
Sialia sialis - Eastern BluebirdSRUD
Catharus fuscescens - VeerySRC H,D
Catharus minimus - Gray-cheeked ThrushMIOH,R
Catharus ustulatus - Swainson's ThrushSRUH,R
Catharus guttatus - Hermit ThrushSRCH,D
Hylocichla mustelina - Wood ThrushSRU H,D
Turdus migratorius - American RobinSRCD,H
Dumetella carolinensis - Gray CatbirdSRUD,E
Bombycilla cedrorum - Cedar WaxwingSRCD
Bombycilla garrulus - Bohemian WaxwingWR0D,E
Sturnus vulgaris - European StarlingPRC D
Vireo solitarius - Solitary VireoSRUH,R
Vireo flavifrons - Yellow-throated VireoSROD
Vireo gilvus - Warbling VireoSROD
Vireo philadelphicus - Philadelphia VireoSROH
Vireo olivaceus - Red-eyed VireoSRCH,D
Vermivora peregrina - Tennessee WarblerMI CH,D
Vermivora ruficapilla - Nashville WarblerSRUE,D
Parula americana - Northern ParulaSRUD
Denroica pensylvanica - Chestnut-sided WarblerSRC E,D
Dendroica magnolia - Magnolia Warbler SRUR,H,D
Dendroica tigrina - Cape May WarblerMIUH,R
Dendroica caerulescens -Black-throat. Blue WarblerSRCH
Dendroica coronata - Yellow-rumped WarblerSRUH,R
Dendroica virens - Black-throated Green WarblerSRCR,H
Dendroica fusca - Blackburnian WarblerSRUR,H
Dendroica castanea - Bay-breasted WarblerMIUR,H
Dendroica striata - Blackpoll WarblerMIUR,H
Mniotilta varia - Black-and-White WarblerSRUH,E
Setophaga ruticilla - American RedstartSRCE,H,D
Seiurus aurocapillus - OvenbirdSRCH
Seiurus noveboracensis - Northern WaterthrushSRU W
Seiurus motacilla - Louisiana WaterthrushSROW
Oporornis philadelphia - Mourning WarblerSRUE
Geothlypis trichas - Common YellowthroatSRCE,D
Wilsonia pusilla - Wilson's WarblerMIOD,E
Wilsonia canadensis - Canada WarblerSRUH,E
Piranga olivacea - Scarlet TanagerSRCH
Pheucticus ludovicianus - Rose-breasted Grosbeak SRCH
Passerina cyanea - Indigo BuntingSRCE,D
Pipilo erythrophthalmus - Rufous-sided TowheeSRU E,D
Spizella arborea - American Tree SparrowWROD,H
Spizella passerina - Chipping SparrowSRCD
Spizella pusilla - Field SparrowSRUD
Melospiza melodia - Song SparrowSRCD
Melospiza lincolnii - Lincoln's SparrowMIOD
Melospiza georgiana - Swamp SparrowSRUD,W
Zonotrichia albicollis - White-throated SparrowSRCD,E
Zonotrichia leucophrys - White-crowned SparrowMIUD,H
Junco hyemalis - Dark-eyed JuncoSRUH,R,D
Plectrophenax nivales - Snow BuntingMI/WROD,E
Agelaius phoeniceus - Red-winged BlackbirdSRUW,D
Quiscalus quiscula - Common GrackleSRCD
Molothrus ater - Brown-headed CowbirdSRUD
Icterus galbula - Northern OrioleSRUD
Pinicola enucleator - Pine GrosbeakWROH,R,D
Carpodacus purpureus - Purple FinchPRCH,R,D
Carpodacus mexicanus - House FinchPRU D
Loxia curvirostra - Red CrossbillWR OR,H,D
Loxia leucoptera - White-winged CrossbillWR OR,H,D
Carduelis flammea - Common RedpollWROH,D
Carduelis pinus - Pine SiskinWROH,D
Carduelis tristis - American GoldfinchSR,WRC/UD,H
Coccothraustes vespertinus - Evening GrosbeakPRC/UH,D
Passer domesticus - House SparrowPRUD




INSECTS OF THE HUBBARD BROOK WATERSHEDS (source: D. Knepshield and T.M. Burton, Michigan State University, and others where cited).


Coleoptera

    Carabidae

    Curculionidae

    Dytiscidae

        Agabus sp.
        Celina sp.
        Coptotomas sp.
        Dytiscus sp.
        Hydroporus sp.

    Elmidae
        Optoservus sp. or Stenelmis sp.

    Gyrinidae
        Gyrinus sp.

    Hydrophilidae
        Helophorus sp.

    Staphylinidae

Collembola

Diptera

    Ceratopogonidae
        Bezzia sp.
        Dasyhelea sp.
        Culicoides sp.
        Forcipomyiinae

    Chironomidae (Identified by Robert Bode of NY Health Department; T. Burton in litt.)
        Brillia parva
        Conchapelopia prob. goniodes
        Constempellina sp.
        Corynoneura prob. taris
        Cricotopus prob. vierriensis
        Heterotrissocladius hirtapex
        Micropsectra prob. polita
        Nanocladius sp.
        Parasphaenocladius sp.
        Pentaneura sp.
        Polypedilum sp.
        Psectrocladius psilopterus group
        Tanytarsus guerlus group
        Thienemanniella prob. xena

    Chironomidae (Thornton 1974)
        Aretopelopia flavifrons
        Boreochlus persimilis
        Eukiefferiella
        Pseudokiefferiella sp.
        Zavrelia sp.

    Dixidae
        Dixa sp. Meigen

    Empididae
        Oreogeton sp. Schiner

    Muscidae

    Simuliidae
        Prosimulium sp. Roubaud
        Simulium sp. Latreille
        Stegopterna sp. Enderlein
        Megaloptera sialidae

Thaumaleidae
        Thaumalea sp.

    Tipulidae
        Antocha sp.
        Cryptolabis sp.
        Dicranota sp.
        Hexatoma sp.
        Limonia sp.
        Molophilus sp.
        Pedicia sp.
        Tipula sp.

Ephemeroptera (Source: Fiance 1977)

        Ameletus tertius?
        Baetis spp.       
        Caenis sp.       
        Choroterpes basilis
        Epeorus fragilis
        Epeorus pleuralis
        Epeorus vitrea
        Ephemera sp.
        Ephemerella aurivilli
        Ephemerella cornuta
        Ephemerella bicolor
        Ephemerella dorothea
        Ephemerella funeralis
        Ephemerella nr. subvaria
        Ephemerella simplex
        Ephemerella temporalis
        Habrophlebia vibrans
        Habrophlebiodes americanum
        Heptagenia pulla
        Heptagenia thetis?
        Hexagenia limbata
        Leptophlebia cupida
        Paraleptophlebia debilis
        Paraleptohplebia mollis
        Psuedocloeon sp.
        Siphlonurus quebecensis
        Stenacron interpunctatum
        Stenonema pudicum?
        Stenonema vicarium


Lepidoptera

    Arctiidae
        Halisidota tessellaris (Smith & Abbot)
        Hyphoraia parahenos
        Isia isabella
        Phragmatobia rubricusa (Harr.)

    Citheroniidae
        Anisota rubicunda (Fabricius)

    Drepanidae
        Drepana arcuata (Walker)
        Falcaria bilineata (Packard)

    Geometridae
        Abbotana clemataria (Smith & Abbot)
        Anacamptodes larvaria (Guenée)
        Anagoga occiduaria (Walker)
        Besma endropiaria (Grote)
        Biston betularia cognataria (Guenée)
        Campaea perlata (Guenée)
        Caripeta divisata (Walker)
        Ectropis crepuscularia (Hübner)
        Ennomos magnarius (Guenée)
        Ennomos subsignarius (Hübner)
        Erranis tiliaria (Harris)
        Hypagyrtis pustularia nubecularia (Guenée)
        Itame pustularia (Guenée)
        Lambdina fiscellaria (Guenée)
        Melanolophia canadaria (Guenée)
        Nematocampa filamentaria (Guenée)
        Nemoria mimosaria (Guenée)
        Nyctobia limitaria (Walker)
        Pero morrisonaria (Edwards)
        Phigalia titea (Cramer)
        Plagodis alcoölaria (Guenée)
        Plagodis kuntzingaria (Packard)
        Protoboarmia porcelaria indicitariza (Walker)
        Semiothisa signaria dispuncta (Guenée)
        Tetracis cachexiata (Guenée)

    Hesperidae
        Pamphila mystic

    Lasciocampidae
        Malacasoma americana (Fabricius)
        Malacasoma disstria (Hübner)
        Philodesma americana
       
    Lymantridae
        Dasychira sp.
        Lymantria dispar
        Notolophus antiqua
        Notolophus ivecostigma

    Noctuidae
        Acronicta americana (Harris)
        Acronicta fragilis (Guenée)
        Acronicta innotata (Guenée)
        Charadra deridens (Guenée)
        Colocasia propinquilinea (Grote)
        Crocigrapha normani (Grote)
        Elaphria versicolor (Grote)
        Eupsilia tristigmata (Grote)
        Feralia jocosa (Guenée)
        Idia aemula (Hübner)
        Lithophane innominata (Smith)
        Lithophane laticinerea (Grote)
        Orthosia hibisci (Guenée)
        Palthis angularis (Hübner)
        Panthea acronictoides (Walker)
        Parallelia bistriaris (Hübner)
        Polia latex (Guenée)
        Syngrapha rectangula (Kirby)
        Zale duplicata (Bethune)
        Zale minerea (Guenée)

    Notodontidae
        Datana ministra (Drury)
        Heterocampa biundata (Walker)
        Heterocampa guttivitta (Walker)
        Nadata gibbosa (Abbot & Smith)
        Schizura impomoeae (Doubleday)
        Schizura unicornis (Smith & Abbot)
        Symmerista leucitys (Franclemont)

    Nymphalidae
        Boloria sp.
        Limenitis archippus
        Limenitis arthemis arthemis
        Nymphalis antiopa - Mourning Cloak
        Speyeria atlantis

    Papilionidae
        Papilio glaucus

    Saturniidae
        Actias luna (Linnaeus)
        Telea polyphemus (Cramer)

    Sphingidae
        Ceratomia undulosa
        Cerura boreales
        Cressonia juglandis
        Durapsa choerilis
        Pachysphinx modesta
        Paonias excaecatus (Smith)
        Smerianthus geminatus

    Thyatyridae
        Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides (Guenée)


Neuroptera
    Sialidae
        Sialis sp.
       

Odonata

    Aeshnidae

    Cordulegastridae
        Cordulegaster sp.

    Gomphidae


Plecoptera (Source: Fiance 1977)

        Acroneuria carolinensis?
        Allocapnia maria
        Allocapnia nivicola
        Alloperla caudata
        Alloperla chloris
        Alloperla concolor
        Amphinemura nigritta
        Amphinemura wui
        Cultus decisus
        Hastaperla brevis
        Isoperal bilineata
        Isoperla francesco-orata
        Isoperal holochlora
        Isoperal similis
        Leuctra ferruginea
        L.euctratenella
        Leuctra duplicata
        Leuctra grandis
        Leuctra sibleyi
        Leuctra tenuis
        Leuctra truncata
        Malirekus hastatus
        Oemopteryx contorta
        Ostrocerca albidipennis
        Ostrocerca complexa
        Ostracevca prolongata
        Ostrocerca truncata
        Paracapnia angulata-opis
        Paraleuctra sara
        Paranemoura perfecta
        Peltoperla maria
        Perlinella drymo
        Phasganophora capitata
        Pteronarcys biloba
        Rasvena terna
        Soyedina washngtoni
        Sweltsa lateralis
        Sweltsa onkos
        Taenionema atlanticum
        Taeniopteryx maura
        Taeniopteryx parvula
        Utaperla gaspesiensis

Trichoptera (Source: McConnochie and Likens 1969, Thornton 1974)

    Hydropsychidae
        Diplectrona modesta Bks.
        Dydropsyche slossonae Bks.
        Hydropsyche sparna Ross
        Parapsyche apicalis (Bks.)

    Lepidostomatidae
        Lepidostoma frosti (Milne)
        Lepidostoma griseum (Bks.)
        Lepidostoma lydia Ross
        Lepidostoma sackeni (Bks.)
        Lepidostoma sommermanae Ross
        Lepidostoma swannonoa Ross
        Theliopsyche grisea (Hag).

    Limnephilidae
        Ironoquia lyratus (Ross)
        Lepidostoma consocius Walk.
        Lepidostoma indivisus Walk.
        Lepidostoma moestus Bks.
        Lepidostoma ornatus Bks.
        Lepidostoma submonilifer Walk.
        Neophylax aniqua Ross
        Neophylax consimilis Bett.
        Neophylax ornatus Bks.
        Onocosmoecus quadrinotatus Bks.
        Platycentropus indistinctus Walk.
        Platycentropus radiatus Walk.
        Pseudostenophylax sparsus (Bks.)
        Pseudostenophylax uniformis Bett.
        Psychoglypha alaskensis (Bks.)
        Psycnopsyche circularis (Prov.)
        Psycnopsyche divergens (Walk.)
        Psycnopsyche gentilis (McL.)
        Psycnopsyche guttifer (Walk.)
        Psycnopsyche luculenta (Bett.)
        Psycnopsyche scabripennis (Ramb.)

    Molannidae
        Molanna blenda Sibl.

    Odontoceridae
        Psilotreta frontalis Bks.

    Philopotamidae
        Dolophiloides distinctus (Walk.)
        Wormaldia moesta (Bks.)

    Phyrganidae
        Banksiola crotchi Bks.
        Oligostomis sp. A.
        Oligostomis sp. B
        Ptilostomis ocellifera (Walk.)

    Psychomytidae
        Lype diversa (Bks.)
        Nyctiophylas vestitus (Hag.)
        Polycentropus cinereus Hag.
        Polycentropus elarus Ross
        Polycentropus maculatus Bks.

    Hydroptilidae
        Palaeaga petus celsus

    Rhyacophyilidae
        Rhyacophila carolina Bks.
        Rhyacophila fuscula (Walk.)
        Rhyacophila glaberrima Ulm.
        Rhyacophila invaria (Walk.)
        Rhyacophila sp.



MOLLUSCA IN HUBBARD BROOK WATERSHEDS
    (Source: Strayer et al. Can J. Zool. 64: 2094-2098. 1986)

[listed in decreasing order of abundance]

Discus conkhitei
Zonitoides arboreus
Arion subfuscus
Pallifera dorsalis
Striatura exigua
Succinea sp.
Deroceras laeve
Retinella rhoadsi
Helicodiscus parallela
Euconulus sp.
Arion fasciatus complex
Zoogenetes harpa
Philomycus carolinianus
Striatura ferrea/milium
Triodopsis albolabris
Vertigo sp.
Triodopsis tridentata
Mesodon sayanus
Strobilops labyrinthica
Oxychilus cellarius
Stenotrema fraternum
Cionella lubrica
Deroceras reticulatum
Anguispira alternata


OTHER INVERTEBRATES OF HUBBARD BROOK WATERSHEDS (source: D. Knepshield and T.M. Burton, Michigan State University, and Thornton 1974).


Oligochaeta

Platyhelminthes

Nematoda

Arthropoda

    Copepoda
        Harpacticoids
        Cyclopoids

    Cladocera
        Chydorinae

    Hydracarina


THE MIRROR LAKE ECOSYSTEM


      Mirror Lake is a small (15 ha), oligotrophic lake within the Hubbard Brook Valley (Fig. 1.). It drains into Hubbard Brook and then into the Pemigewasset River some 3 km to the South east. Mirror Lake is located some 3.5 km downstream from the experimental watersheds of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. The total drainage area for the lake (85 ha, excluding lake) is divided about equally into 3 sub-watersheds. In 1969-71 the construction of interstate highway, I-93 reduced the effective drainage area of the Northeast tributary by 17.5 ha. The vegetation and geologic substrate of the watersheds for the lake is similar to that of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest.
      The lake has a maximum depth of 11 m. The water is clear and a secchi disc can be seen at depths greater than 6 m in the summer. the dominant cation is calcium and the dominant anion is sulfate, however the total dissolved solid content is low (~20 mg/1) and the pH ranges between 5.4 - 6.5. The annual temperature range for surface water is about 0o to 25o C. The lake is thermally stratified during the summer and winter and usually has two full circulation periods each year. The lake is covered by ice and snow during the winter. The ice covered period averages about 140 days, beginning in early December and ending in late April. Mid-depths are characterized by supersaturation of dissolved oxygen during the summer.
      For syntheses of Mirror Lake studies, see Likens, G.E. (ed). An ecosystem approach to aquatic ecology: Mirror Lake and its environment. Springer-Verlag, NY. 1985.


HYDROPHYTES IN MIRROR LAKE (Source: Table V.A.4-1, Moeller, in Likens 1985)


Submersed vascular plants of the mat community (isoetid growth-form):

        Rosette plants:
            Eleocharis acicularis L. (R. & S.)
            Eriocaulon septangulare With.
            Isoetes muricata Dur.a
            Isoetes tuckermani A. Br.
            Juncus pelocarpus Mey.
            Lobelia dortmanna L.
            Sagittaria graminea Michx.

        Plants with short, stiff stems:
            Elatine minima (Nutt.) Fish & Mey.
            Gratiola aurea (Muhl.)

Submersed plants with long, flexuous stems or leaves (elodeid) growth-form):

        Vascular plants:
            Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieberb
            Potamogeton spirillus Tuckerm.
            Utricularia purpurea Walt.

        Bryophytes:
            Chiloscyphus fragilis (Roth) Schiffn.
            Drepanocladus fluitans (Hedw.) Warnst.
            Fontinalis novae-angliae Sull.

        Charophytes and Rhodophytes:
            Batrachospermum sp.
            Nitella flexilis (L.) Ag.
            Nitella gracilis (Sm.) Ag.
            Nitella tenuissima (Desv.) Kütz.

Floating-leaved vascular plants (nymphaeid growth-form):
            Nuphar variegatum Engelm.
            Nymphaea odorata Ait.
            Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. var. ramosus
            Sparganium angustifolium Michx.
_______________
aSynonymous with I. braunii Dur. and I. echinospora Dur. var. braunii (Dur.) Engelm.
bSynonymous with P. pusillus L. var. tenuissimus Mert. & Koch.


SOME GENERA OF EPIPELIC ALGAE IN MIRROR LAKE (1979 to 1981a)
(source Table V.A.3-1, Moeller, in Likens 1985)

Chlorophyceae

        Closteriumb
        Colacium (epizoic on cyclopoids)
        Cosmarium
        Closterium
        Desmidiumb
        Euastrum
        Gonium
        Micrasteriasb
        Pediastrum
        Phacus
        Pleurotaeniumb
        Spinocosmarium
        Spirogyra
        Staurastrumb
        Staurdesmus

Chrysophaceae
        Many species, including pennate, centric and filamentous speciesb

Bacteriophyceae

        Calothrix
        Merismopedia
        Nostoc
        Oscillatoriab
__________________
aD. Strayer, personal communication
bAbundant.



PHYTOPLANKTON RECORDED IN MIRROR LAKE FROM 1968 to 1975a
    (from Likens 1985: Table V.A.2-2)

Cyanophyceae
    Anabaena circinalis Rabenhorst (3)
    Anabaena spiroides Klebahn (1)
    Anabaena sp. (3)
    Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs (3)
    Aphanocapsa delicatissima West & West (2, 3)
    Aphanotheca clathrata G. S. West (2)
    Chroococcus dispersus (Keissl.) Lemmermann v. minor G. M. Smith (3)
    Chroococcus limneticus Lemmermann (1, 2, 3)
    Chroococcus turgidus (Kutz.) Nägeli (2)
    Gloeocystis uesiculosa Nägeli (3)
    Gomphosphaeria lacustris Chodat (2, 3)
    Lyngbya nordgaardii Wille (3)
    Merismopedia elegans A. Braun (2)
    Merismopedia glauca (Ehr.) Nägeli (2, 3)
    Merismopedia tenuissima Lemmermann (1, 2, 3) Microcystis aeruginosa Küzing (2, 3)
    Oscillatoria agardhii Gomont (3)
    Oscillatoria agardhii v. isothrix Skuja (2)
    Oscillatoria limnetica Lemmermann (3)
    Oscillatoria limosa (Roth) C. A. Agardh (2)
    Oscillatoria rubescens De Candolle (3)
    Oscillatoria subbrevis Schmidle (3)
    Oscillatoria tenuis C. A. Agardh (3)

Chlorophyceae
    Ankistrodesmus braunii (Näg.) Brunnthaler (3)
    Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs (1, 2, 3)
    Ankistrodesmus falcatus v. acicularis (A. Braun) G. S. West (2)
    Ankistrodesmus setigerus (Schrod.) G.S. West (2)
    Ankistrodesmus spiralis (Turner) Lemmermann (2)
    Arthrodesmus incus (Bréb.) Hassall (2, 3)
    Arthrodesmus phimus Turner (3)
    Botryococcus braunii Kützing (1, 2, 3)
    Botryococcus protuberans West and West v. minor G.M. Smith (3)
    Carteria sp. (2)
    Chlamydomonas sp. (I)
    Chlamydomonas spp. (2)
    Chlamydomonas sp. (3)
    Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck (2, 3)
    Closterium incurvum deBrébisson (3)
    Coccomyxa minor Skuja (2)
    Coccomyxa sp. (I)
    Coelastrum microporum Nägeli (3)
    Cosmarium depressum (Näg.) Lund (1, 3)
    Cosmarium depressum v. achondrum (Boldt) West and West (2)
    Cosmarium impressulum Elfving (3)
    Cosmarium nitidulum DeNotaris (3)
    Crucigenia tetrapedia (Kirch.) West & West (1, 2)
    Dictyosphaerium pulchellum Wood (1, 2, 3)
    Dispora crucigenioides Printz (3)
    Elakatothrix gelatinosa Wille (1, 2)
    Euastrum abruptum Nordstedt v. Iagoense (Norst.) Krieger (3)
    Euastrum binale (Turp.) Ehrenberg (3)
    Eudorina elegans Ehrenberg (2)
    Gemellicystis neglecta Teiling and Skuja (2)
    Geminella minor (Näg.) Heering (2, 3)
    Gloeococcus schroeteri (Chod.) Lemmermann (2)
    Gloeocystis planktonica (West & West) Lemmermann (1, 2, 3)
    Gonium pectorale Müller (1, 2)
    Gymnozyga moniliformis (Ehr.) v. maxima Irenee-Marie (2, 3)
    Kirchneriella contorta (Schmidle) Bohlin (3)
    Kirchneriella elongata G. M. Smith (3)
    Nephrocytium agardhianum Nägeli (3)
    Nephrocytium limneticum (G. M. Smith) Skuja (2, 3)
    Oocystis borgei Snow (2, 3)
    Oocystis crassa Wittrock (3)
    Oocystis lacustris Chodat (2)
    Oocystis parva West & West (3)
    Oocystis pusilla Hansgirg (3)
    Oocystis submarina Lagerheim v. uariabilis Skuja (2)
    Oocystis sp. (I)
    Pandorina morum (Mull.) Bory (2, 3)
    Paulschulzia pseudovolvox (Schulz & Teiling) Skuja (2)
    Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Meneghini (2)
    Pediastrum tetras (Ehr.) Ralfs (2)
    Pyramimonas tetrarhvnchus Schmarda (2)
    Quadrigula closterioides (Bohlin) Printz (2)
    Quadrigula lacustris (Chod.) G. M. Smith (3)
    Quadrigula pfitzeri (Schrod.) Printz (1, 2)
    Scenedesmus abundans (Kirch.) Chodat (1)
    Scenedesmus apiculatus (West & West) Chodat (2)
    Scenedesmus bijuga (Turp.) Lagerheim (1, 3)
    Scenedesmus opoliensis P. Richter (3)
    Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) deBrebisson (2, 3)
    Selenastrum minutum (Nag.) Collins (3)
    Sphaerozosma excavata Ralfs v. subquadratum West & West (3)
    Spondylosium planum (Wolle) West & West (2, 3)
    Staurastrum arachne Ralfs (2)
    Staurastrum cuspidatum Breb. v. diuergens Nordstedt (3)
    Staurastrum dejectum deBrebisson (2)
    Staurastrum lacustre G. M. Smith (3)
    Staurastrum limneticum Schmidle (2, 3)
    Staurastrum lunatum Ralfs (3)
    Staurastrum megecanthum Lundell (3)
    Staurastrum muticum deBrebisson (3)
    Staurastrum natator W. West (3)
    Staurastrum paradoxum Meyen (3)
    Staurastrum pentacerum (Wolle) G. M. Smith (3)
    Staurastrum spiculiferum G. M. Smith (3)
    Staurastrum sp. (I)
    Staurodesmus sp. (I)
    Stichococcus minor Nägeli (2)
    Tetradesmus smithii Prescott (3)
    Tetraedron asymmretricum Prescott (3)
    Tetraedron minimum (A. Braun) Hansgirg (1, 2, 3)
    Tetraedron minimum v. tetralobulatum Reinsch (1)
    Volvox aureus Ehrenberg (2)

Euglenophyceae
    Euglena gracilis Klebs (3)
    Euglena viridis Ehrenberg (2)
    Euglena sp. (1)
    Euglena sp. (3)
    Lepocinclis sp. (2)
    Menoidium costatum Korschik (2)
    Phacus longicaudata (Ehr.) Dujardin (1, 2)
    Rhabdomonas incurva Fresenius (1)
    Trachelomonas spp. (1)
    Trachelomonas sp. (2)

Chrysophyceae
    Bitrichia chodatii (Reverdin) Chodat (1, 2, 3)
    Chlorochromonas polymorpha Gavaudan (3)
    Chromulina mikroplankton Pascher (3)
    Chromulina minima Doflein (3)
    Chromulina nebulosa Cienkowsky (3)
    Chromulina oualis Klebs (3)
    Chromulina woroniniana Fisch
    Chromulina sp. (1)
    Chromulina spp. (2)
    Chromulina sp. (3)
    Chrysidiastrum catenatum Lauterborn (1, 2)
    Chrysidalis peritaphrena Schiller (3)
    Chrysochromulina parua Lackey (1, 2)
    Chrysococcus rufescens Klebs (2, 3)
    Chrysococcus sp. (1)
    Chrysococcus spp. (2)
    Chrysoikos skujai (Nauwerck) Willen (2)
    Chrysolykos planctonicus Mack (1)
    Chrysosphaerella longispina Lauterborn (1, 2)
    Dinobryon acuminatum Ruttner (2, 3)
    Dinobryon bavaricum Imhof (1, 2)
    Dinobryon borgei Lemmermann (1)
    Dinobryon crenulatum West & West (2)
    Dinobryon cylindricum Imhof (1, 2)
    Dinobryon divergens Imhof (1, 2, 3)
    Dinobryon divergens v. angulatum (Sel.) Brunthaler (1)
    Dinobryon diuergens v. schauinslandii (Lemm.) Brunnthaler (1)
    Dinobryon sociale Ehrenberg (2, 3)
    Dinobryon sertularia Ehrenberg (2, 3)
    Dinobryon suecicum Lemmermann (1)
    Dinobryon tabellariae (Lemm.) Pascher (1, 3)
    Kephyrion boreale Skuja (2)
    Kephyrion littorale Lund (2)
    Kephyrion ovum Pascher (3)
    Mallomonas acaroides Perty (2, 3)
    Mallomonas akrokomos Ruttner (2)
    Mallomonas akrokomas v. parvula Conrad (1, 2)
    Mallomonas caudata Conrad (1, 2, 3)
    Mallomonas elongata Reverdin (2)
    Mallomonas globosa Schiller (1, 2)
    Mallomonas pseudocoronata Prescott (3)
    Mallomonas reginae Teiling (2)
    Mallomonas tonsurata Teiling (1, 2, 3)
    Monochrysis aphanaster Skuja (1, 2)
    Monochrysis spp. (2)
    Monosiga brevicollis Ruin. (3)
    Ochromonas sp. (1)
    Ochromonas spp. (2)
    Ochromonas spp. (3)
    Pseudokephyrion elegans (Conr.) Conrad (I)
    Pseudokephyrion entzii Conrad (I, 2)
    Pseudokephyrion spirale Schmid (2)
    Pseudokephyrion sp. (I)
    Synura adamsii G. M. Smith (1. 3)
    Synura uvella Ehrenberg (1, 2, 3)
    Uroglena volvox Ehrenberg (1)
    Uroglenopsis americana (Calkins) Lemmermann (1, 2, 3)

Diatomeae
    Asterionella formosa Hassall (1, 2. 3)
    Coscinodiscus sp. (3)
    Cyclotella bodanica Eulenst. (3)
    Cyclotella comensis Grunow (1, 2)
    Cyclotella comta (Ehr.) Katzing (1, 2, 3)
    Cyclotella glomerata Bachmann (3)
    Cymbella sp. (3)
    Cymbella angustata (W. Sm.) Cleve (3)
    Cymbella lanceolata (Ag.) Ag. (3)
    Cymbella tumidula Grun. ex A.S. (3)
    Diatoma vulgare Bory (3)
    Fragilaria capucina Desm. (2)
    Fragilaria construens (Ehr.) Grunow (3)
    Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton (2, 3)
    Uelosira ambigua (Grun.) Muller (1, 2, 3)
    Uelosira distans (Ehr.) Kutzing v. alpigena Grunow (2)
  &n